The detail information of Elbow dysplasia
OMIA Basic Information

Possible human homologues (MIM numbers): -

Mendelian trait/disorder: no

Mode of inheritance: Multifactorial

Considered a defect: yes

Year key mutation first reported: -

Species-specific name: -

Species-specific symbol: -

More detail information can see in

Associated Breeds
There are associated breeds.
Associated Gene
There are no associated genes.
References
Note: the references are listed in reverse chronological order (from the most recent year to the earliest year), and alphabetically by first author within a year.
2019 Alves-Pimenta,S.,Ginja,M.M.,Colaço,B.: :
Role of Elbow Incongruity in Canine Elbow Dysplasia: Advances in Diagnostics and Biomechanics. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 32:87-96, 2019.
Pubmed reference: 30703814 . DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1677513 .
2019 Baers,G.,Keller,G.G.,Famula,T.R.,Oberbauer,A.M.: :
Heritability of Unilateral Elbow Dysplasia in the Dog: A Retrospective Study of Sire and Dam Influence. Front Vet Sci 6:422, 2019.
Pubmed reference: 31824974 . DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00422 .
2019 James,H.K.,McDonnell,F.,Lewis,T.W.: :
Effectiveness of Canine Hip Dysplasia and Elbow Dysplasia Improvement Programs in Six UK Pedigree Breeds. Front Vet Sci 6:490, 2019.
Pubmed reference: 32010712 . DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00490 .
2018 Preston,T.,Wills,A.P.: :
A single hydrotherapy session increases range of motion and stride length in Labrador retrievers diagnosed with elbow dysplasia. Vet J 234:105-110, 2018.
Pubmed reference: 29680380 . DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.02.013 .
2018 Soo,M.,Lopez-Villalobos,N.,Worth,A.J.: :
Heritabilities and genetic trends for elbow score as recorded by the New Zealand Veterinary Association Elbow Dysplasia Scheme (1992-2013) in four breeds of dog. N Z Vet J 66:154-161, 2018.
Pubmed reference: 29457536 . DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2018.1440652 .
2018 Tolhurst,P.: :
Benefits to breeds by using the hip and elbow health scheme. Vet Rec 183:136, 2018.
Pubmed reference: 30054418 . DOI: 10.1136/vr.k3279 .
2017 Belanger,J.M.,Bellumori,T.P.,Bannasch,D.L.,Famula,T.R.,Oberbauer,A.M.: :
Correlation of neuter status and expression of heritable disorders. Canine Genet Epidemiol 4:6, 2017.
Pubmed reference: 28560045 . DOI: 10.1186/s40575-017-0044-6 .
2017 Huang,M.,Hayward,J.J.,Corey,E.,Garrison,S.J.,Wagner,G.R.,Krotscheck,U.,Hayashi,K.,Schweitzer,P.A.,Lust,G.,Boyko,A.R.,Todhunter,R.J.: :
A novel iterative mixed model to remap three complex orthopedic traits in dogs. PLoS One 12:e0176932, 2017.
Pubmed reference: 28614352 . DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176932 .
2016 Hayward,J.J.,Castelhano,M.G.,Oliveira,K.C.,Corey,E.,Balkman,C.,Baxter,T.L.,Casal,M.L.,Center,S.A.,Fang,M.,Garrison,S.J.,Kalla,S.E.,Korniliev,P.,Kotlikoff,M.I.,Moise,N.S.,Shannon,L.M.,Simpson,K.W.,Sutter,N.B.,Todhunter,R.J.,Boyko,A.R.: :
Complex disease and phenotype mapping in the domestic dog. Nat Commun 7:10460, 2016.
Pubmed reference: 26795439 . DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10460 .
2016 Nemanic,S.,Nixon,B.K.,Baltzer,W.: :
Analysis of risk factors for elbow dysplasia in giant breed dogs. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 29:, 2016.
Pubmed reference: 27471099 . DOI: 10.3415/VCOT-15-05-0175 .
2015 Anon.: :
Canine health screening - making a difference to dogs. Vet Rec 177:584, 2015.
Pubmed reference: 26667425 . DOI: 10.1136/vr.h6685 .
2015 Oberbauer,A.M.,Belanger,J.M.,Bellumori,T.,Bannasch,D.L.,Famula,T.R.: :
Ten inherited disorders in purebred dogs by functional breed groupings. Canine Genet Epidemiol 2:9, 2015.
Pubmed reference: 26401337 . DOI: 10.1186/s40575-015-0021-x .
2014 Coopman,F.,Broeckx,B.,Verelst,E.,Deforce,D.,Saunders,J.,Duchateau,L.,Verhoeven,G.: :
Combined prevalence of inherited skeletal disorders in dog breeds in Belgium. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 27:395-7, 2014.
Pubmed reference: 25078710 . DOI: 10.3415/VCOT-13-11-0140 .
2014 Lavrijsen,I.C.,Heuven,H.C.,Meij,B.P.,Theyse,L.F.,Nap,R.C.,Leegwater,P.A.,Hazewinkel,H.A.: :
Prevalence and co-occurrence of hip dysplasia and elbow dysplasia in Dutch pure-bred dogs. Prev Vet Med 114:114-22, 2014.
Pubmed reference: 24588976 . DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.02.001 .
2013 Bellumori,T.P.,Famula,T.R.,Bannasch,D.L.,Belanger,J.M.,Oberbauer,A.M.: :
Prevalence of inherited disorders among mixed-breed and purebred dogs: 27,254 cases (1995-2010). J Am Vet Med Assoc 242:1549-55, 2013.
Pubmed reference: 23683021 . DOI: 10.2460/javma.242.11.1549 .
2013 Böttcher,P.,Bräuer,S.,Werner,H.: :
Estimation of joint incongruence in dysplastic canine elbows before and after dynamic proximal ulnar osteotomy. Vet Surg 42:371-6, 2013.
Pubmed reference: 23458354 . DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950X.2013.01085.x .
2013 Hou,Y.,Wang,Y.,Lu,X.,Zhang,X.,Zhao,Q.,Todhunter,R.J.,Zhang,Z.: :
Correction: Monitoring Hip and Elbow Dysplasia Achieved Modest Genetic Improvement of 74 Dog Breeds over 40 Years in USA. PLoS One 8:, 2013.
Pubmed reference: 24204480 . DOI: 10.1371/annotation/92e1aa00-169b-45dc-9866-61034e061f6d .
2013 Hou,Y.,Wang,Y.,Lu,X.,Zhang,X.,Zhao,Q.,Todhunter,R.J.,Zhang,Z.: :
Monitoring Hip and Elbow Dysplasia Achieved Modest Genetic Improvement of 74 Dog Breeds over 40 Years in USA. PLoS One 8:e76390, 2013.
Pubmed reference: 24124555 . DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076390 .
2013 Krontveit,R.I.,Sævik,B.K.: :
Challenges in tackling inherited skeletal disorders in the dog. Vet J 196:8-9, 2013.
Pubmed reference: 23228513 . DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.11.005 .
2013 Les,C.M.: :
Elbow dysplasia in the dog: Engineering a better iron lung? Vet J :, 2013.
Pubmed reference: 23395349 . DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.12.024 .
2013 Lewis,T.W.,Blott,S.C.,Woolliams,J.A.: :
Comparative analyses of genetic trends and prospects for selection against hip and elbow dysplasia in 15 UK dog breeds. BMC Genet 14:16, 2013.
Pubmed reference: 23452300 . DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-14-16 .
2013 Michelsen,J.: :
Canine elbow dysplasia: aetiopathogenesis and current treatment recommendations. Vet J 196:12-9, 2013.
Pubmed reference: 23266351 . DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.11.009 .
2012 Hartmann,P.,Stock,K.F.,Distl,O.: :
[Multivariate prediction of breeding values for canine hip and elbow dysplasia as well as humeral osteochondrosis in the Bernese mountain dog]. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 125:432-40, 2012.
Pubmed reference: 23045807 .
2012 Lavrijsen,I.C.,Heuven,H.C.,Voorhout,G.,Meij,B.P.,Theyse,L.F.,Leegwater,P.A.,Hazewinkel,H.A.: :
Phenotypic and genetic evaluation of elbow dysplasia in Dutch Labrador Retrievers, Golden Retrievers, and Bernese Mountain Dogs. Vet J :, 2012.
Pubmed reference: 22336139 . DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.01.001 .
2012 Pfahler,S.,Distl,O.: :
Identification of Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) for Canine Hip Dysplasia and Canine Elbow Dysplasia in Bernese Mountain Dogs. PLoS One 7:e49782, 2012.
Pubmed reference: 23189162 . DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049782 .
2011 Bockstahler,B.: :
The canine elbow: A joint in the focus of research. Vet J :, 2011.
Pubmed reference: 21310636 . DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.12.031 .
2011 Keller,G.G.,Dziuk,E.,Bell,J.S.: :
How the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA) is tackling inherited disorders in the USA: using hip and elbow dysplasia as examples. Vet J 189:197-202, 2011.
Pubmed reference: 21741865 . DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.06.019 .
2011 Lewis,T.W.,Ilska,J.J.,Blott,S.C.,Woolliams,J.A.: :
Genetic evaluation of elbow scores and the relationship with hip scores in UK Labrador retrievers. Vet J 189:227-33, 2011.
Pubmed reference: 21737324 . DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.06.024 .
2011 Stock,KF.,Klein,S.,Tellhelm,B.,Distl,O.: :
Genetic analyses of elbow and hip dysplasia in the German shepherd dog. J Anim Breed Genet 128:219-29, 2011.
Pubmed reference: 21554416 . DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0388.2010.00901.x .
2011 Woolliams,J.A.,Lewis,T.W.,Blott,S.C.: :
Canine hip and elbow dysplasia in UK Labrador retrievers. Vet J 189:169-76, 2011.
Pubmed reference: 21737322 . DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.06.015 .
2010 Cachon,T.,Genevois,JP.,Remy,D.,Carozzo,C.,Viguier,E.,Maitre,P.,Arnault,F.,Fau,D.: :
Risk of simultaneous phenotypic expression of hip and elbow dysplasia in dogs: a study of 1,411 radiographic examinations sent for official scoring. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 23:28-30, 2010.
Pubmed reference: 19997665 . DOI: 10.3415/VCOT-08-11-0116 .
2010 Crispin,SM.,Turner,BM.: :
Changes to the BVA/KC Canine Health Schemes. Vet Rec 166:28, 2010.
Pubmed reference: 20045860 . DOI: 10.1136/vr.b5576 .
2010 Hartmann,P.,Stock,KF.,Distl,O.: :
[Multivariate genetic analysis of canine hip and elbow dysplasia as well as humeral osteochondrosis in the Bernese mountain dog]. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 123:488-95, 2010.
Pubmed reference: 21141279 .
2010 Worth,AJ.,Bridges,JP.,Jones,G.: :
Reduction in the incidence of elbow dysplasia in four breeds of dog as measured by the New Zealand Veterinary Association scoring scheme. N Z Vet J 58:190-5, 2010.
Pubmed reference: 20676156 . DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2010.68864 .
2009 Clements,DN.,Short,AD.,Barnes,A.,Kennedy,LJ.,Ferguson,JF.,Butterworth,SJ.,Fitzpatrick,N.,Pead,M.,Bennett,D.,Innes,JF.,Carter,SD.,Ollier,WE.: :
A candidate gene study of canine joint diseases. J Hered 101:54-60, 2009.
Pubmed reference: 19965910 . DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esp088 .
2009 Cook,CR.,Cook,JL.: :
Diagnostic imaging of canine elbow dysplasia: a review. Vet Surg 38:144-53, 2009.
Pubmed reference: 19236671 . DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950X.2008.00481.x .
2009 Engler,J.,Hamann,H.,Distl,O.: :
[Estimation of population genetic parameters for radiographical findings of elbow dsyplasia in the Labrador Retriever] Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 122:378-85, 2009.
Pubmed reference: 19863010 .
2009 Heine,A.,Hamann,H.,Tellhelm,B.,Distl,O.: :
[Estimation of population genetic parameters and breeding values for elbow dysplasia in Rottweilers] Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 122:100-7, 2009.
Pubmed reference: 19350808 .
2009 Huck,JL.,Biery,DN.,Lawler,DF.,Gregor,TP.,Runge,JJ.,Evans,RH.,Kealy,RD.,Smith,GK.: :
A longitudinal study of the influence of lifetime food restriction on development of osteoarthritis in the canine elbow. Vet Surg 38:192-8, 2009.
Pubmed reference: 19236677 . DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950X.2008.00487.x .
2009 Lappalainen,A.K.,Mölsä,S.,Liman,A.,Laitinen-Vapaavuori,O.,Snellman,M.: :
Radiographic and computed tomography findings in Belgian shepherd dogs with mild elbow dysplasia. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 50:364-9, 2009.
Pubmed reference: 19697600 .
2009 Paster,ER.,Biery,DN.,Lawler,DF.,Evans,RH.,Kealy,RD.,Gregor,TP.,McKelvie,PJ.,Smith,GK.: :
Un-united medial epicondyle of the humerus: radiographic prevalence and association with elbow osteoarthritis in a cohort of labrador retrievers. Vet Surg 38:169-72, 2009.
Pubmed reference: 19236674 . DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950X.2008.00484.x .
2008 Burton,NJ.,Toscano,MJ.,Barr,FJ.,Owen,MR.: :
Reliability of radiological assessment of ulnar trochlear notch sclerosis in dysplastic canine elbows. J Small Anim Pract 49:572-6, 2008.
Pubmed reference: 18684142 . DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2008.00611.x .
2008 Coopman,F.,Verhoeven,G.,Saunders,J.,Duchateau,L.,VanBree,H.: :
Prevalence of hip dysplasia, elbow dysplasia and humeral head osteochondrosis in dog breeds in Belgium. Vet Rec 163:654-8, 2008.
Pubmed reference: 19043090 .
2008 Davidson,PT.,Bullock-Saxton,J.,Lisle,A.: :
Anthropometric measurements of the scapula, humerus, radius and ulna in Labrador dogs with and without elbow dysplasia. Aust Vet J 86:425-8, 2008.
Pubmed reference: 18959529 . DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2008.00355.x .
2008 Hammond,G.,Gemmill,T.,Mellor,D.,Sullivan,M.: :
Assessment of low-cost teleradiology for grading elbow dysplasia. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 49:20-5, 2008.
Pubmed reference: 18251289 .
2008 Janutta,V.,Distl,O.: :
Review on canine elbow dysplasia: pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevalence and genetic aspects. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 115:172-81, 2008.
Pubmed reference: 18547017 .
2008 Malm,S.,Fikse,WF.,Danell,B.,Strandberg,E.: :
Genetic variation and genetic trends in hip and elbow dysplasia in Swedish Rottweiler and Bernese Mountain Dog. J Anim Breed Genet 125:403-12, 2008.
Pubmed reference: 19134076 . DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0388.2008.00725.x .
2008 Moores,AP.,Benigni,L.,Lamb,CR.: :
Computed tomography versus arthroscopy for detection of canine elbow dysplasia lesions. Veterinary Surgery 37:390-8, 2008.
Pubmed reference: 18564264 . DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950X.2008.00393.x .
2007 Kirberger,RM.,Stander,N.: :
Incidence of canine elbow dysplasia in South Africa. J S Afr Vet Assoc 78:59-62, 2007.
Pubmed reference: 17941595 .
2006 Samoy,Y.,VanRyssen,B.,Gielen,I.,Walschot,N.,VanBree,H.: :
Review of the literature: elbow incongruity in the dog. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 19:1-8, 2006.
Pubmed reference: 16594537 .
2005 Beuing,R.,Janssen,N.,Wurster,H.,Schmied,O.,Fluckiger,M.: :
[The significance of elbow dysplasia (ED) for breeding in Bernese Mountain Dogs in Germany] Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 147:491-7, 2005.
Pubmed reference: 16315851 .
2005 Demko,J.,McLaughlin,R.: :
Developmental orthopedic disease. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 35:1111-35, v, 2005.
Pubmed reference: 16129135 . DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2005.05.002 .
2005 Janutta,V.,Hamann,H.,Klein,S.,Tellhelm,B.,Distl,O.: :
Genetic evaluation of elbow angles as predictors of elbow dysplasia in German shepherd dogs. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 52:254-61, 2005.
Pubmed reference: 15943611 . DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.2005.00722.x .
2004 Remy,D.,Neuhart,L.,Fau,D.,Genevois,JP.: :
Canine elbow dysplasia and primary lesions in German shepherd dogs in France. J Small Anim Pract 45:244-8, 2004.
Pubmed reference: 15163051 .
2002 Maki,K.,Groen,A.F.,Liinamo,A.E.,Ojala,M.: :
Genetic variances, trends and mode of inheritance for hip and elbow dysplasia in Finnish dog populations Animal Science 75:197-207, 2002.
2001 Maki,K.,Groen,A.F.,Liinamo,A.E.,Ojala,M.: :
Population structure, inbreeding trend and their association with hip and elbow dysplasia in dogs Animal Science 73:217-228, 2001.
2000 Anon.: :
AVA's hip and elbow dysplasia scheme Australian Veterinary Journal 78:374, 2000.
2000 Beuing,R.,Mues,C.H.,Tellhelm,B.,Erhardt,G.: :
Prevalence and inheritance of canine elbow dysplasia in German Rottweiler Journal of Animal Breeding & Genetics-Zeitschrift fur Tierzuchtung und Zuchtungsbiologie 117:375-383, 2000.
2000 Everts,R.E.,Hazewinkel,H.A.W.,Rothuizen,J.,van,Oost,B.A.: :
Bone disorders in the dog: A review of modern genetic strategies to find the underlying causes [Review] Veterinary Quarterly 22:63-70, 2000.
Pubmed reference: 10789512 .
2000 Hornof,W.J.,Wind,A.P.,Wallack,S.T.,Schulz,K.S.: :
Canine elbow dysplasia - The early radiographic detection of fragmentation of the coronoid process Veterinary Clinics of North America - Small Animal Practice 30:257-+, 2000.
2000 Maki,K.,Liinamo,A.E.,Ojala,M.: :
Estimates of genetic parameters for hip and elbow dysplasia in Finnish Rottweilers Journal of Animal Science 78:1141-1148, 2000.
Pubmed reference: 10834565 .
2000 Sturaro,E.,Ojala,M.,Mäki,K.,Bittante,G.,Carnier,P.,Pedrani,G.,Gallo,L.: :
Results from an explorative screening program for elbow dysplasia in some breeds of dogs in Italy. Italian Journal of Animal Science 4:233-240, 2000.
1999 Brunnberg,L.,Viehmann,B.,Waibl,H.: :
Computer-aided evaluation of parameters for elbow dysplasia - Part two: Steps between radius and ulna [German] Kleintierpraxis 44:637-+, 1999.
1999 Morgan,J.P.,Wind,A.,Davidson,A.P.: :
Bone dysplasias in the Labrador retriever: A radiographic study Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 35:332-340, 1999.
Pubmed reference: 10416779 .
1999 Ubbink,G.J.,Hazewinkel,H.A.W.,van,de,Broek,J.,Rothuizen,J.: :
Familial clustering and risk analysis for fragmented coronoid process and elbow joint incongruity in Bernese Mountain Dogs in the Netherlands American Journal of Veterinary Research 60:1082-1087, 1999.
Pubmed reference: 10490075 .
1999 Viehmann,B.,Waibl,H.,Brunnberg,L.: :
Computer-aided evaluation of parameters for elbow dysplasia, Part 1: Incisura trochlearis ulnae [German] Kleintierpraxis 44:595-+, 1999.
1998 Anon.: :
Getting to grips with elbow dysplasia Veterinary Record 142:149, 1998.
1998 Kirberger,R.M.,Fourie,S.L.: :
Elbow dysplasia in the dog - pathophysiology, diagnosis and control JOURNAL OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN VETERINARY ASSOCIATION-TYDSKRIF VAN DIE SUID-AFRIKAANSE VETERINERE VERENIGING 69:43-54, 1998.
1998 Kirberger,RM.,Fourie,SL.: :
Elbow dysplasia in the dog: pathophysiology, diagnosis and control. J S Afr Vet Assoc 69:43-54, 1998.
Pubmed reference: 9760396 .
1998 Lang,J.,Busato,A.,Baumgartner,D.,Fluckiger,M.,Weber,U.T.: :
Comparison of two classification protocols in the evaluation of elbow dysplasia in the dog Journal of Small Animal Practice 39:169-174, 1998.
Pubmed reference: 9577758 .
1998 Pead,M.J.: :
Elbow scoring in dogs Veterinary Record 142:72, 1998.
1998 Ubbink,G.J.,Vandebroek,J.,Hazewinkel,H.A.W.,Rothuizen,J.: :
Cluster analysis of the genetic heterogeneity and disease distributions in purebred dog populations Veterinary Record 142:209-213, 1998.
Pubmed reference: 9533291 .
1998 Ubbink,G.J.,Vandebroek,J.,Hazewinkel,H.A.W.,Rothuizen,J.: :
Risk estimates for dichotomous genetic disease traits based on a cohort study of relatedness in purebred dog populations Veterinary Record 142:328-331, 1998.
Pubmed reference: 9571755 .
1998 Walker,T.M.: :
A redefined type of elbow dysplasia in the dog - 2 cases Canadian Veterinary Journal - Revue Veterinaire Canadienne 39:573-575, 1998.
1997 Keller,G.G.,Kreeger,J.M.,Mann,F.A.,Lattimer,J.C.: :
Correlation of radiographic, necropsy and histologic findings in 8 dogs with elbow dysplasia Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 38:272-276, 1997.
Pubmed reference: 9262682 .
1997 Snaps,F.R.,Balligand,M.H.,Saunders,J.H.,Park,R.D.,Dondelinger,R.F.: :
Comparison of radiography, magnetic resonance imaging, and surgical findings in dogs with elbow dysplasia American Journal of Veterinary Research 58:1367-1370, 1997.
Pubmed reference: 9401682 .
1997 Swenson,L.,Audell,L.,Hedhammar,A.: :
Prevalence and inheritance of and selection for elbow arthrosis in Bernese mountain dogs and Rottweilers in Sweden and benefit: cost analysis of a screening and control program. J Am Vet Med Assoc 210:215-21, 1997.
Pubmed reference: 9018355 .
1996 Read,A.,Armstrong,S.J.,Black,A.P.,Macpherson,G.C.,Yovich,J.C.,Davey,T.: :
Relationship between physical signs of elbow dysplasia and radiographic score in growing rottweilers Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 209:1427 ff., 1996.
1996 Schmokel,H.G.,Ehrismann,G.: :
Correction of an elbow dysplasia by ulnaostectomy and an external fixator with threaded connecting bars in a dog [German] Wiener Tierarztliche Monatsschrift 83:238-241, 1996.
1996 Vanbree,H.,Verschooten,F.: :
Veterinary research at a clinical laboratory - diagnosis and treatment of joint diseases in the dog - past and present [Dutch] Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift 65:308-309, 1996.
1994 Anon.: :
Elbow Dysplasia in the Dog Tijdschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde 119:473-474, 1994.
Pubmed reference: 8091411 .
1994 Bedford,P.G.C.: :
WSAVA Kennel Clubs Meeting - Control of Hereditary Elbow Disease in Pedigree Dogs Journal of Small Animal Practice 35:119-122, 1994.
1993 Anon.: :
Hip Dysplasia and Elbow Disease in Sight of the Federation- Cynologique-Internationale .1 Kleintierpraxis 38:194, 1993.
1993 Anon.: :
Elbow Dysplasia in the Bernese Mountain Dog Tijdschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde 118:656-657, 1993.
1992 Flückiger,M.: :
[Elbow dysplasia in the dog]. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 134:261-71, 1992.
Pubmed reference: 1502503 .
1966 Ljunggren,G.,Cawley,A.J.,Archibald,J.: :
Elbow dysplasia in the dog Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 148:887-890, 1966.
Pubmed reference: 5950881 .