The detail information of Muscular dystrophy, Duchenne type
OMIA Basic Information

Possible human homologues (MIM numbers):

Mendelian trait/disorder: yes

Mode of inheritance: X-linked recessive

Considered a defect: yes

Year key mutation first reported: 1992

Species-specific name: X-linked muscular dystrophy; Dystrophin-deficient muscular dystrophy

Species-specific symbol: DD-MD

More detail information can see in

Associated Breeds
iDog Breed Number Breed Name Personality Height Weight History Breed Source
CB67 Cavalier King Charles Spaniel 30.5-33 cm 5.9-8.2 kg United Kingdom (England)
CB111 German Short-Haired Pointer 58.4-63.5 cm (male), 53.3-58.4 cm (female) 24.9-31.8 kg (male), 20.4-27.2 kg (female) Germany
CB116 Golden Retriever 58.4-61 cm (male), 54.6-57.2 cm (female) 29.5-34 kg (male), 24.9-29.5 kg (female) United Kingdom (Scotland)
CB118 Grand Basset Griffon Vendeen 39.4-45.7 cm 18.1-20.4 kg France
CB132 Irish Terrier 45.7 cm 12.2 kg (male), 11.3 kg (female) Ireland
CB281 Japanese Spitz 30-36 cm 5-11.3 kg Japan
CB147 Labrador Retriever 57.2-62.2 cm (male), 54.6-59.7 cm (female) 29.5-36.3 kg (male), 24.9-31.8 kg (female) Canada, United Kingdom (England)
CB161 Miniature Schnauzer 30.5-35.6 cm 5-9.1 kg Germany
CB179 Pembroke Welsh Corgi 25.4-30.5 cm up to 13.6 kg (male), up to 12.7 kg (female) United Kingdom(Wales)
CB202 American Rat Terrier 25.4-33 cm (miniature), 33-45.7 cm (standard) 4.5-11.3 kg United States
CB205 Rottweiler 61-68.6 cm (male), 55.9-63.5 cm (female) 49.9-59 kg (male), 34.9-49.9 kg (female) Germany
CB210 Samoyed 53.3-59.7 cm (male), 48.3-53.3 cm (female) 20.4-29.5 kg (male), 15.9-22.7 kg (female) Russia
CB244 Tibetan Terrier 35.6-43.2 cm (male), slightly smaller (female) 8.2-13.6 kg (male), slightly smaller (female) Tibet
CB252 Weimaraner 63.5-68.6 cm (male), 58.4-63.5 cm (female) 31.8-40.8 kg (male), 24.9-34 kg (female) Germany
Associated Gene
Symbol Description Species Position Other Links
DMD dystrophin Canis lupus familiaris ChrX : 28487633 - 26319830 Homologene, Ensembl, NCBI gene
References
Note: the references are listed in reverse chronological order (from the most recent year to the earliest year), and alphabetically by first author within a year.
2021 Kupatt,C.,Windisch,A.,Moretti,A.,Wolf,E.,Wurst,W.,Walter,M.C.: :
Genome editing for Duchenne muscular dystrophy: a glimpse of the future? Gene Ther :, 2021.
Pubmed reference: 33531685 . DOI: 10.1038/s41434-021-00222-4 .
2021 Nitahara-Kasahara,Y.,Kuraoka,M.,Guillermo,P.H.,Hayashita-Kinoh,H.,Maruoka,Y.,Nakamura-Takahasi,A.,Kimura,K.,Takeda,S.,Okada,T.: :
Dental pulp stem cells can improve muscle dysfunction in animal models of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Stem Cell Res Ther 12:78, 2021.
Pubmed reference: 33494794 . DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-02099-3 .
2021 Tone,Y.,Mamchaoui,K.,Tsoumpra,M.K.,Hashimoto,Y.,Terada,R.,Maruyama,R.,Gait,M.J.,Arzumanov,A.A.,McClorey,G.,Imamura,M.,Takeda,S.,Yokota,T.,Wood,M.J.A.,Mouly,V.,Aoki,Y.: :
Immortalized canine dystrophic myoblast cell lines for development of peptide-conjugated splice-switching oligonucleotides. Nucleic Acid Ther 31:172-181, 2021.
Pubmed reference: 33567244 . DOI: 10.1089/nat.2020.0907 .
2020 Barthélémy,I.,Calmels,N.,Weiss,R.B.,Tiret,L.,Vulin,A.,Wein,N.,Peccate,C.,Drougard,C.,Beroud,C.,Deburgrave,N.,Thibaud,J.L.,Escriou,C.,Punzón,I.,Garcia,L.,Kaplan,J.C.,Flanigan,K.M.,Leturcq,F.,Blot,S.: :
X-linked muscular dystrophy in a Labrador Retriever strain: phenotypic and molecular characterisation. Skelet Muscle 10:23, 2020.
Pubmed reference: 32767978 . DOI: 10.1186/s13395-020-00239-0 .
2020 Brinkmeyer-Langford,C.,Chu,C.,Balog-Alvarez,C.,Yu,X.,Cai,J.J.,Nabity,M.,Kornegay,J.N.: :
Correction: Expression profiling of disease progression in canine model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. PLoS One 15:e0236916, 2020.
Pubmed reference: 32702009 . DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236916 .
2020 Brunetti,B.,Muscatello,L.V.,Letko,A.,Papa,V.,Cenacchi,G.,Grillini,M.,Murgiano,L.,Jagannathan,V.,Drögemüller,C.: :
X-Linked Duchenne-Type Muscular Dystrophy in Jack Russell Terrier Associated with a Partial Deletion of the Canine <i>DMD</i> Gene. Genes (Basel) 11:, 2020.
Pubmed reference: 33049940 . DOI: 10.3390/genes11101175 .
2020 Story,B.D.,Miller,M.E.,Bradbury,A.M.,Million,E.D.,Duan,D.,Taghian,T.,Faissler,D.,Fernau,D.,Beecy,S.J.,Gray-Edwards,H.L.: :
Canine models of inherited musculoskeletal and neurodegenerative diseases. Front Vet Sci 7:80, 2020.
Pubmed reference: 32219101 . DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00080 .
2020 Switonski,M.: :
Impact of gene therapy for canine monogenic diseases on the progress of preclinical studies. J Appl Genet :, 2020.
Pubmed reference: 32189222 . DOI: 10.1007/s13353-020-00554-8 .
2019 Nghiem,P.P.,Kornegay,J.N.: :
Gene therapies in canine models for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Hum Genet 138:483-489, 2019.
Pubmed reference: 30734120 . DOI: 10.1007/s00439-019-01976-z .
2019 Wasala,N.B.,Hakim,C.H.,Chen,S.J.,Yang,N.N.,Duan,D.: :
Questions Answered and Unanswered by the First CRISPR Editing Study in a Canine Model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Hum Gene Ther 30:535-543, 2019.
Pubmed reference: 30648435 . DOI: 10.1089/hum.2018.243 .
2018 Amoasii,L.,Hildyard,J.C.W.,Li,H.,Sanchez-Ortiz,E.,Mireault,A.,Caballero,D.,Harron,R.,Stathopoulou,T.R.,Massey,C.,Shelton,J.M.,Bassel-Duby,R.,Piercy,R.J.,Olson,E.N.: :
Gene editing restores dystrophin expression in a canine model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Science :, 2018.
Pubmed reference: 30166439 . DOI: 10.1126/science.aau1549 .
2018 Brinkmeyer-Langford,C.,Chu,C.,Balog-Alvarez,C.,Yu,X.,Cai,J.J.,Nabity,M.,Kornegay,J.N.: :
Expression profiling of disease progression in canine model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. PLoS One 13:e0194485, 2018.
Pubmed reference: 29554127 . DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194485 .
2018 Cohen,J.: :
In dogs, CRISPR fixes a muscular dystrophy. Science 361:835, 2018.
Pubmed reference: 30166469 . DOI: 10.1126/science.361.6405.835 .
2018 Eresen,A.,Alic,L.,Kornegay,J.,Ji,J.X.: :
Assessment of disease severity in a Canine Model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: Classification of Quantitative MRI. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2018:648-651, 2018.
Pubmed reference: 30440480 . DOI: 10.1109/EMBC.2018.8512303 .
2018 Maruyama,R.,Aoki,Y.,Takeda,S.,Yokota,T.: :
In Vivo Evaluation of Multiple Exon Skipping with Peptide-PMOs in Cardiac and Skeletal Muscles in Dystrophic Dogs. Methods Mol Biol 1828:365-379, 2018.
Pubmed reference: 30171554 . DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8651-4_23 .
2018 MataLópez,S.,Hammond,J.J.,Rigsby,M.B.,Balog-Alvarez,C.J.,Kornegay,J.N.,Nghiem,P.P.: :
A novel canine model for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD): single nucleotide deletion in DMD gene exon 20. Skelet Muscle 8:16, 2018.
Pubmed reference: 29843823 . DOI: 10.1186/s13395-018-0162-1 .
2018 Nakamura,A.,Aoki,Y.,Tsoumpra,M.,Yokota,T.,Takeda,S.: :
In Vitro Multiexon Skipping by Antisense PMOs in Dystrophic Dog and Exon 7-Deleted DMD Patient. Methods Mol Biol 1828:151-163, 2018.
Pubmed reference: 30171540 . DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8651-4_9 .
2018 Shrader,S.M.,Jung,S.,Denney,T.S.,Smith,B.F.: :
Characterization of Australian Labradoodle dystrophinopathy. Neuromuscul Disord 28:927-937, 2018.
Pubmed reference: 30286978 . DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2018.08.008 .
2018 Sánchez,L.,Beltrán,E.,deStefani,A.,Guo,L.T.,Shea,A.,Shelton,G.D.,DeRisio,L.,Burmeister,L.M.: :
Clinical and genetic characterisation of dystrophin-deficient muscular dystrophy in a family of Miniature Poodle dogs. PLoS One 13:e0193372, 2018.
Pubmed reference: 29474464 . DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193372 .
2017 Kodippili,K.,Hakim,C.,Pan,X.,Yang,H.T.,YUe,Y.,Zhang,Y.,Shin,J.H.,Yang,N.N.,Duan,D.: :
Dual AAV gene therapy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy with a 7-kb mini-dystrophin gene in the canine model. Hum Gene Ther :, 2017.
Pubmed reference: 28793798 . DOI: 10.1089/hum.2017.095 .
2017 Kornegay,J.N.: :
The golden retriever model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Skelet Muscle 7:9, 2017.
Pubmed reference: 28526070 . DOI: 10.1186/s13395-017-0124-z .
2017 LeGuiner,C.,Servais,L.,Montus,M.,Larcher,T.,Fraysse,B.,Moullec,S.,Allais,M.,François,V.,Dutilleul,M.,Malerba,A.,Koo,T.,Thibaut,J.L.,Matot,B.,Devaux,M.,LeDuff,J.,Deschamps,J.Y.,Barthelemy,I.,Blot,S.,Testault,I.,Wahbi,K.,Ederhy,S.,Martin,S.,Veron,P.,Georger,C.,Athanasopoulos,T.,Masurier,C.,Mingozzi,F.,Carlier,P.,Gjata,B.,Hogrel,J.Y.,Adjali,O.,Mavilio,F.,Voit,T.,Moullier,P.,Dickson,G.: :
Long-term microdystrophin gene therapy is effective in a canine model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Nat Commun 8:16105, 2017.
Pubmed reference: 28742067 . DOI: 10.1038/ncomms16105 .
2017 Maruyama,R.,Echigoya,Y.,Caluseriu,O.,Aoki,Y.,Takeda,S.,Yokota,T.: :
Systemic Delivery of Morpholinos to Skip Multiple Exons in a Dog Model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Methods Mol Biol 1565:201-213, 2017.
Pubmed reference: 28364245 . DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6817-6_17 .
2017 Nghiem,P.P.,Bello,L.,Stoughton,W.B.,López,S.M.,Vidal,A.H.,Hernandez,B.V.,Hulbert,K.N.,Gourley,T.R.,Bettis,A.K.,Balog-Alvarez,C.J.,Heath-Barnett,H.,Kornegay,J.N.: :
Changes in Muscle Metabolism are Associated with Phenotypic Variability in Golden Retriever Muscular Dystrophy


. Yale J Biol Med 90:351-360, 2017.
Pubmed reference: 28955176 .
2017 VanBelzen,D.J.,Malik,A.S.,Henthorn,P.S.,Kornegay,J.N.,Stedman,H.H.: :
Mechanism of Deletion Removing All Dystrophin Exons in a Canine Model for DMD Implicates Concerted Evolution of X Chromosome Pseudogenes. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 4:62-71, 2017.
Pubmed reference: 28344992 . DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2016.12.001 .
2017 Wilson,K.,Faelan,C.,Patterson-Kane,J.C.,Rudmann,D.G.,Moore,S.A.,Frank,D.,Charleston,J.,Tinsley,J.,Young,G.D.,Milici,A.J.: :
Duchenne and Becker Muscular Dystrophies: A Review of Animal Models, Clinical End Points, and Biomarker Quantification. Toxicol Pathol 45:961-976, 2017.
Pubmed reference: 28974147 . DOI: 10.1177/0192623317734823 .
2016 Acosta,A.R.,VanWie,E.,Stoughton,W.B.,Bettis,A.K.,Barnett,H.H.,LaBrie,N.R.,Balog-Alvarez,C.J.,Nghiem,P.P.,Cummings,K.J.,Kornegay,J.N.: :
Use of the six-minute walk test to characterize golden retriever muscular dystrophy. Neuromuscul Disord :, 2016.
Pubmed reference: 27818009 . DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2016.09.024 .
2016 Brinkmeyer-Langford,C.,Balog-Alvarez,C.,Cai,J.J.,Davis,B.W.,Kornegay,J.N.: :
Genome-wide association study to identify potential genetic modifiers in a canine model for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. BMC Genomics 17:665, 2016.
Pubmed reference: 27549615 . DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2948-z .
2016 Galindo,C.L.,Soslow,J.H.,Brinkmeyer-Langford,C.L.,Gupte,M.,Smith,H.M.,Sengsayadeth,S.,Sawyer,D.B.,Benson,D.W.,Kornegay,J.N.,Markham,L.W.: :
Translating golden retriever muscular dystrophy microarray findings to novel biomarkers for cardiac/skeletal muscle function in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Pediatr Res 79:629-36, 2016.
Pubmed reference: 26672735 . DOI: 10.1038/pr.2015.257 .
2016 Gentil,C.,LeGuiner,C.,Falcone,S.,Hogrel,J.Y.,Peccate,C.,Lorain,S.,Benkhelifa-Ziyyat,S.,Guigand,L.,Montus,M.,Servais,L.,Voit,T.,Piétri-Rouxel,F.: :
Dystrophin Threshold Level Necessary for Normalization of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase, Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase, and Ryanodine Receptor-Calcium Release Channel Type 1 Nitrosylation in Golden Retriever Muscular Dystrophy Dystrophinopathy. Hum Gene Ther :, 2016.
Pubmed reference: 27279388 . DOI: 10.1089/hum.2016.041 .
2016 Kornegay,J.N.,Bogan,D.J.,Bogan,J.R.,Dow,J.L.,Wang,J.,Fan,Z.,Liu,N.,Warsing,L.C.,Grange,R.W.,Ahn,M.,Balog-Alvarez,C.J.,Cotten,S.W.,Willis,M.S.,Brinkmeyer-Langford,C.,Zhu,H.,Palandra,J.,Morris,C.A.,Styner,M.A.,Wagner,K.R.: :
Dystrophin-deficient dogs with reduced myostatin have unequal muscle growth and greater joint contractures. Skelet Muscle 6:14, 2016.
Pubmed reference: 27047655 . DOI: 10.1186/s13395-016-0085-7 .
2016 MiskewNichols,B.,Aoki,Y.,Kuraoka,M.,Lee,J.J.,Takeda,S.,Yokota,T.: :
Multi-exon Skipping Using Cocktail Antisense Oligonucleotides in the Canine X-linked Muscular Dystrophy. J Vis Exp :, 2016.
Pubmed reference: 27285612 . DOI: 10.3791/53776 .
2016 Nghiem,P.P.,Bello,L.,Balog-Alvarez,C.,MataLópez,S.,Bettis,A.,Barnett,H.,Hernandez,B.,Schatzberg,S.J.,Piercy,R.J.,Kornegay,J.N.: :
Whole genome sequencing reveals a 7 base-pair deletion in DMD exon 42 in a dog with muscular dystrophy Mammalian Genome :, 2016.
Pubmed reference: 28028563 . DOI: 10.1007/s00335-016-9675-2 .
2016 Sitzia,C.,Farini,A.,Jardim,L.,Razini,P.,Belicchi,M.,Cassinelli,L.,Villa,C.,Erratico,S.,Parolini,D.,Bella,P.,CarlosdaSilvaBizario,J.,Garcia,L.,DiasBaruffi,M.,Meregalli,M.,Torrente,Y.: :
Adaptive immune response impairs the efficacy of autologous transplantation of engineered stem cells in dystrophic dogs. Mol Ther :, 2016.
Pubmed reference: 27506452 . DOI: 10.1038/mt.2016.163 .
2016 Terrill,J.R.,Duong,M.N.,Turner,R.,LeGuiner,C.,Boyatzis,A.,Kettle,A.J.,Grounds,M.D.,Arthur,P.G.: :
Levels of inflammation and oxidative stress, and a role for taurine in dystropathology of the Golden Retriever Muscular Dystrophy dog model for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Redox Biol 9:276-286, 2016.
Pubmed reference: 27611888 . DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.08.016 .
2015 Atencia-Fernandez,S.,Shiel,R.E.,Mooney,C.T.,Nolan,C.M.: :
Muscular dystrophy in the Japanese Spitz: an inversion disrupts the DMD and RPGR genes. Anim Genet 46:175-84, 2015.
Pubmed reference: 25644216 . DOI: 10.1111/age.12266 .
2015 Duan,D.: :
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Gene Therapy in the Canine Model. Hum Gene Ther Clin Dev :, 2015.
Pubmed reference: 25710459 . DOI: 10.1089/humc.2015.006 .
2015 Duan,D.,Hakim,C.H.,Ambrosio,C.E.,Smith,B.F.,Sweeney,H.L.: :
Early loss of ambulation is not a representative clinical feature in Duchenne muscular dystrophy dogs: remarks on the article of Barthélémy et al. Dis Model Mech 8:193-4, 2015.
Pubmed reference: 25740329 . DOI: 10.1242/dmm.019216 .
2015 Jenkins,C.A.,Forman,O.P.: :
Identification of a novel frameshift mutation in the DMD gene as the cause of muscular dystrophy in a Norfolk terrier dog. Canine Genet Epidemiol 2:7, 2015.
Pubmed reference: 26401335 . DOI: 10.1186/s40575-015-0019-4 .
2015 Robriquet,F.,Lardenois,A.,Babarit,C.,Larcher,T.,Dubreil,L.,Leroux,I.,Zuber,C.,Ledevin,M.,Deschamps,J.Y.,Fromes,Y.,Cherel,Y.,Guevel,L.,Rouger,K.: :
Differential Gene Expression Profiling of Dystrophic Dog Muscle after MuStem Cell Transplantation. PLoS One 10:e0123336, 2015.
Pubmed reference: 25955839 . DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123336 .
2015 Vieira,N.M.,Elvers,I.,Alexander,M.S.,Moreira,Y.B.,Eran,A.,Gomes,J.P.,Marshall,J.L.,Karlsson,E.K.,Verjovski-Almeida,S.,Lindblad-Toh,K.,Kunkel,L.M.,Zatz,M.: :
Jagged 1 Rescues the Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Phenotype. Cell 163:1204-13, 2015.
Pubmed reference: 26582133 . DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.10.049 .
2014 DeVanna,J.C.,Kornegay,J.N.,Bogan,D.J.,Bogan,J.R.,Dow,J.L.,Hawkins,E.C.: :
Respiratory dysfunction in unsedated dogs with golden retriever muscular dystrophy. Neuromuscul Disord 24:63-73, 2014.
Pubmed reference: 24295812 . DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2013.10.001 .
2014 Martin,P.T.,Golden,B.,Okerblom,J.,Camboni,M.,Chandrasekharan,K.,Xu,R.,Varki,A.,Flanigan,K.M.,Kornegay,J.N.: :
A Comparative Study of N-glycolylneuraminic Acid (Neu5Gc) and Cytotoxic T Cell (CT) Carbohydrate Expression in Normal and Dystrophin-Deficient Dog and Human Skeletal Muscle. PLoS One 9:e88226, 2014.
Pubmed reference: 24505439 . DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088226 .
2014 Mead,A.F.,Petrov,M.,Malik,A.S.,Mitchell,M.A.,Childers,M.K.,Bogan,J.R.,Seidner,G.,Kornegay,J.N.,Stedman,H.H.: :
Diaphragm Remodeling and Compensatory Respiratory Mechanics in a Canine Model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. J Appl Physiol (1985) :, 2014.
Pubmed reference: 24408990 . DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00833.2013 .
2014 Peres,M.A.,daRocha,A.M.,Vannucchi,C.I.,Mendes,C.M.,Cavalcanti,P.V.,Nichi,M.,Ambrosio,C.E.,Miglino,M.A.,Visintin,J.A.,D'ÁvilaAssumpção,M.E.: :
Semen analysis of Golden Retriever healthy dogs and those affected by muscular dystrophy. Andrologia 46:277-82, 2014.
Pubmed reference: 23463904 . DOI: 10.1111/and.12079 .
2014 Wang,Z.,Halbert,C.L.,Lee,D.,Butts,T.,Tapscott,S.J.,Storb,R.,Miller,A.D.: :
Elimination of contaminating cap genes in AAV vector virions reduces immune responses and improves transgene expression in a canine gene therapy model. Gene Ther :, 2014.
Pubmed reference: 24500525 . DOI: 10.1038/gt.2014.4 .
2013 Araujo,K.P.,Bonuccelli,G.,Duarte,C.N.,Gaiad,T.P.,Moreira,D.F.,Feder,D.,Belizario,J.E.,Miglino,M.A.,Lisanti,M.P.,Ambrosio,C.E.: :
Bortezomib (PS-341) treatment decreases inflammation and partially rescues the expression of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex in GRMD dogs. PLoS One 8:e61367, 2013.
Pubmed reference: 23579193 . DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061367 .
2013 Brinkmeyer-Langford,C.,Kornegay,J.N.: :
Comparative Genomics of X-linked Muscular Dystrophies: The Golden Retriever Model. Curr Genomics 14:330-42, 2013.
Pubmed reference: 24403852 . DOI: 10.2174/13892029113149990004 .
2013 Broeckx,B.J.,Coopman,F.,Verhoeven,G.E.,VanHaeringen,W.,vandeGoor,L.,Bosmans,T.,Gielen,I.,Saunders,J.H.,Soetaert,S.S.,VanBree,H.,VanNeste,C.,VanNieuwerburgh,F.,VanRyssen,B.,Verelst,E.,VanSteendam,K.,Deforce,D.: :
The prevalence of nine genetic disorders in a dog population from Belgium, the Netherlands and Germany. PLoS One 8:e74811, 2013.
Pubmed reference: 24069350 . DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074811 .
2013 Cotten,S.W.,Kornegay,J.N.,Bogan,D.J.,Wadosky,K.M.,Patterson,C.,Willis,M.S.: :
Genetic myostatin decrease in the golden retriever muscular dystrophy model does not significantly affect the ubiquitin proteasome system despite enhancing the severity of disease. Am J Transl Res 6:43-53, 2013.
Pubmed reference: 24349620 .
2013 Fan,Z.,Wang,J.,Ahn,M.,Shiloh-Malawsky,Y.,Chahin,N.,Elmore,S.,Bagnell,C.R.,Wilber,K.,An,H.,Lin,W.,Zhu,H.,Styner,M.,Kornegay,J.N.: :
Characteristics of magnetic resonance imaging biomarkers in a natural history study of golden retriever muscular dystrophy. Neuromuscul Disord :, 2013.
Pubmed reference: 24295811 . DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2013.10.005 .
2013 Kane,A.M.,DeFrancesco,T.C.,Boyle,M.C.,Malarkey,D.E.,Ritchey,J.W.,Atkins,C.E.,Cullen,J.M.,Kornegay,J.N.,Keene,B.W.: :
Cardiac structure and function in female carriers of a canine model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Res Vet Sci 94:610-7, 2013.
Pubmed reference: 23231955 . DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.09.027 .
2013 Kerwin,W.S.,Naumova,A.,Storb,R.,Tapscott,S.J.,Wang,Z.: :
Mapping contrast agent uptake and retention in MRI studies of myocardial perfusion: case control study of dogs with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 29:819-26, 2013.
Pubmed reference: 23070737 . DOI: 10.1007/s10554-012-0137-y .
2013 Nghiem,P.P.,Hoffman,E.P.,Mittal,P.,Brown,K.J.,Schatzberg,S.J.,Ghimbovschi,S.,Wang,Z.,Kornegay,J.N.: :
Sparing of the Dystrophin-Deficient Cranial Sartorius Muscle Is Associated with Classical and Novel Hypertrophy Pathways in GRMD Dogs. Am J Pathol 183:1411-24, 2013.
Pubmed reference: 24160322 . DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.07.013 .
2013 Shin,J.H.,Greer,B.,Hakim,C.H.,Zhou,Z.,Chung,Y.C.,Duan,Y.,He,Z.,Duan,D.: :
Quantitative phenotyping of Duchenne muscular dystrophy dogs by comprehensive gait analysis and overnight activity monitoring. PLoS One 8:e59875, 2013.
Pubmed reference: 23544107 . DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059875 .
2013 Shin,J.H.,Pan,X.,Hakim,C.H.,Yang,H.T.,Yue,Y.,Zhang,K.,Terjung,R.L.,Duan,D.: :
Microdystrophin ameliorates muscular dystrophy in the canine model of duchenne muscular dystrophy. Mol Ther 21:750-7, 2013.
Pubmed reference: 23319056 . DOI: 10.1038/mt.2012.283 .
2013 Wang,J.,Fan,Z.,Vandenborne,K.,Walter,G.,Shiloh-Malawsky,Y.,An,H.,Kornegay,J.N.,Styner,M.A.: :
A computerized MRI biomarker quantification scheme for a canine model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg 8:763-74, 2013.
Pubmed reference: 23299128 . DOI: 10.1007/s11548-012-0810-6 .
2013 Wuebbles,R.D.,Sarathy,A.,Kornegay,J.N.,Burkin,D.J.: :
Levels of α7 integrin and laminin-α2 are increased following prednisone treatment in the mdx mouse and GRMD dog models of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Dis Model Mech 6:1175-84, 2013.
Pubmed reference: 23846963 . DOI: 10.1242/dmm.012211 .
2012 Barbash,I.M.,Cecchini,S.,Faranesh,A.Z.,Virag,T.,Li,L.,Yang,Y.,Hoyt,R.F.,Kornegay,J.N.,Bogan,J.R.,Garcia,L.,Lederman,R.J.,Kotin,R.M.: :
MRI roadmap-guided transendocardial delivery of exon-skipping recombinant adeno-associated virus restores dystrophin expression in a canine model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Gene Ther :, 2012.
Pubmed reference: 22551778 . DOI: 10.1038/gt.2012.38 .
2012 Barthélémy,I.,Uriarte,A.,Drougard,C.,Unterfinger,Y.,Thibaud,J.L.,Blot,S.: :
Effects of an immunosuppressive treatment in the GRMD dog model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. PLoS One 7:e48478, 2012.
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